Measles: Still "A Thing" (in the US in 2016)

Buried amongst the myriad Zika virus headlines, so hard to find it took some looking, is news of measles cases in the US...again. While not as explosive as the recent Disneyland-linked outbreak the 2 cases that have occurred this year are instructive as they are cases that should not be occurring in the US.

The cases occurred in the states of California and Texas. In Texas, an unvaccinated child who traveled internationally -- where measles is rampant -- was infected and later exposed classmates at an elementary school early in January. That this happened in Texas is not surprising as it is the 2nd least vaccinated state and this low rate of vaccination is reflected in the fact that some of the students exposed were not vaccinated. It appears, however, that herd immunity as well as luck delimited the impact of this case as no secondary cases occurred and the incubation period has since passed.

California, where the other 2016 case occurred, is the state in which a new law was enacted to increase the rates of vaccination in schools by eliminating religious and "philosophical" exemptions. California, being the epicenter of the 2014-2015 outbreak, also had a major reminder of the danger of measles that had ripple effects that led to increased vaccine confidence among the vaccine-hesitant. The details of the California case haven't been released and it will be important to determine the circumstances surrounding this case.

More measles cases will occur in the US this year and many children will remain unvaccinated kindling for this virus.

 

 

Walking Like a Darwinian in the Galapagos

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I recently returned from a 10 day trip to the Galapagos Islands and, for those who know me, it may be unheard of for me to take an actual vacation. However, this was no ordinary "vacation" but an intellectual experience (via Linblad Tours and National Geographic). The Galapagos Islands were the site in which a young twenty-something kid named Charles Darwin got the germ of the idea of evolution by natural selection. Just to be able to go to a place in which idea that changed the world like Darwin's took root is inspiring in its own right. 

Imagine being in a place in which Darwin is appropriately lionized with statues of him in skateparks (another one of my loves)! 

The expedition I was on was led by naturalists all of whom were experts on the myriad geographic, oceanographic, and biologic facts concerning the Galapagos. They are a class of their own and I imagine myself being an "infectious disease naturalist" -- if such a thing existed. While sea lions, iguanas, lizards, and exotic birds were constant visual presences, science, inquisitiveness, and rationality were the constant intellectual presences. 

Darwin's pathbreaking insights into life -- the mystery of mysteries -- are the bedrock of infectious disease and explain so much so elegantly. Walking in a place in which such profound thought took place is an exhilarating experience.

 

 

The 4th PHEIC of the Apocalypse: Zika?

Today, the World Health Organization convened and determined that cases of microcephaly and Guillain-Barre Syndrome potentially linked to the spread of the Zika virus in South America represents a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). This is a designation only H1N1 influenza, polio, and Ebola have been granted. Before the past few weeks Zika virus was not something on the radar of most Americans but is now the subject of headlines warning of devastating complications in the fetuses of pregnant women. Post-Ebola, many infectious diseases prompt doom-and-gloom headlines that do not provide full context and threat analysis—an essential process to help the general public determine the level of concern they should have.

A declaration of this sort deserves some discussion because it is not obviously clear to many, including me, what criteria are used in the deliberation. Ideally, the criteria for a PHEIC should be transparent, objective, and entirely derived from the medical and scientific facts that are known. The chain of reasoning employed should be reproducible by anyone with the same facts. While formal objective criteria might be deviated from in what often is a highly politicized process, at least it will be better known when it does. 

However, after polio -- a disease that has been largely eliminated from the globe via vaccination --- was declared a PHEIC, it became clear that other extraneous considerations might be at play. Similarly, when Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), a zoonotic disease without treatment or vaccine transmissible from person to person and similar to SARS (from which the whole apparatus of PHEIC derives from), did not meet the criteria, it was puzzling. Chikungunya is another case in point.

While the Zika PHEIC is, contrary to the way it is being reported upon, narrowly focused on microcephaly and other neurologic complications (and not Zika as such) it seems that in a post-Ebola world public health authorities are seizing the opportunity to capitalize on the importance infectious disease is now given. This is a two-edged sword as many diseases like MERS are given short-shrift but others given the spotlight.

What is needed is clear objective criteria bereft of any consideration but the science, something that is difficult to ascertain in the current context.

Voices in the Band: Immersion in an American Epicenter of the HIV Pandemic

Because of my irregular schedule, I don't do outpatient infectious disease work anymore. There are times that I am thankful I made that decision, especially when a "chronic" Lyme patient happens to stumble upon my name online and wants to see me, and times I think about finding a way to do some outpatient work. Those positive thoughts are usually triggered by remembering my experiences treating HIV in an outpatient setting. It's not that I don't see HIV patients in the hospital and don't keep up with HIV anymore -- I am on Pittsburgh's HIV commission -- there's just something I miss about taking care of HIV patients in the outpatient setting. Outpatient care, I think, is much more personal allowing the physician to truly know a patient and the ups and downs of an illness over a longer period of time than during acute and brief episodes in the hospital. The satisfaction of seeing medications work or strategizing with a patient over the best long-term plan of care are all hallmarks of outpatient care that I sometimes miss.

It may seem odd that someone misses HIV clinic, but if you have ever practiced in one you would know exactly what I mean. I just finished Dr. Susan Ball's Voices in the Band: A Doctor, Her Patients, and How the Outlook on AIDS Care Changed from Doomed to Hopeful a memoir of her day-to-day work at the renowned HIV clinic at Cornell in New York City the Center for Special Studies, and all my own memories are becoming vivid again. 

Dr. Ball's tenure, which is ongoing, spans an important epoch in HIV history that saw HIV metamorphose, through the development of antiretroviral therapies, from a death sentence to a chronic illness and her narrative is therefore uniquely positioned to tell this important story.

Voices in the Band is a poignant, emotion-evoking story of one dedicated physician's experience of being literally immersed in a plague in which people died, orphans abounded, and myriad social calamities compounded the destruction wrought by a virus. As she puts it, "HIV existed as an addendum" in many patient's lives. Dr. Ball's vignettes of patients, their stories, and their coping mechanisms coupled with her own mind's analysis of how to provide the best care possible was, to me, the best feature of this book. Understanding her perspective and how she integrated each patient's individual context, some of which were endlessly complex, was, to me, the best aspect of this book. 

While the unique situations faced by an HIV physician in one of the epicenter's of the pandemic during its heyday may be appear, at first glance, to be very different to what a clinician treating HIV today may face, many of the same issues -- save the lack of effective therapies -- persist.

Dr. Ball's resilience and unequivocal commitment in being the best physician to her patients shines through the book and is exemplary. When she describes writes of her practice, "So much I’ve seen and so much more still to see" one is glimpsing the standing order of an active mind engaged passionately in a productive activity that it loves.

One of my favorite descriptions is her view of the role of an HIV (or infectious disease physician) as "trekking on another planet, exploring unknown territory where few wanted to go...where we shared a sense of being alive, of doing something brave and important."

 

 

Concussion: A Testament to the Power of Reason

When I talk about what draws me to medicine and infectious disease in particular, it is the solving of puzzles with real-life import that is always at the top of my list. Because of that attraction, I am drawn to any and all puzzle-solving stories in medicine, even outside my field. 

I recently saw the movie Concussion which details the discovery of a new brain disease, Chronic Tramautic Encephalopathy (CTE) which develops as the result of multiple blows to the head. This type of trauma is exemplified by the head trauma experienced by football players. This movie was excellent in its portrayal of Dr. Bennet Omalu's relentless quest to understand the inexplicable deaths of several professional football players. 

That the movie and Dr. Omalu's pioneering work occurred in my hometown of Pittsburgh made the film all the more engrossing as I recognized not only buildings, but the names of Pittsburgh medical royalty such as former Allegheny County Corner and Medical Examiner Dr. Cyril Wecht as well as Dr. Joseph Maroon (whose portrayal, I hope, was the result of cinematic hyperbole). 

I also found a kinship to the movie for other more superficial reasons including working (at the time, as a resident) at the hospital legendary Pittsburgh Steeler Mike Webster died at, taking Tae Kwon Do as a child with Pittsburgh Steeler Terry Long, having a pivotal scene filmed at the restaurant in which I am a limited partner, and also being a Carnegie Mellon University alumunus like Dr. Omalu.

The best aspects of the movie are that it continually emphasizes the American nature of Omalu's quest, his desire to be the best version of himself, and his affinity for the world class pathologist Dr. Wecht--all very admirable traits in anyone. His intransigent pursuit of the scientific truth, no matter the consequences, is something all physicians should emulate even if they do not possess the genius, the courage, the independence, or the ability to make the inductive and deductive conclusions on the scale of Dr. Omalu. 

The movie is a great inspiration that provides emotional fuel. It's theme concretizes something a great philosopher once wrote:  "America is the land of the uncommon man. It is the land where man is free to develop his genius—and to get its just rewards." 

The world--and Pittsburgh--owes Dr. Omalu thanks for identifying a heretofore unknown disease and showing how the inexplicable is no match for the faculty of reason.